ABSTRACT
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease of pigs caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), which is considered to be the No. 1 killer to the global pig industry. Highly virulent strains are usually responsible for the peracute and acute forms that provoke high mortality rates that may reach 100%. Since ASF was first introduced in August 2018 into China, 137 outbreaks in domestic and wild pigs had been reported from 32 provinces by June 06, 2019, causing severe socioeconomic consequences. Efforts to develop an ASFV vaccine began in the 1960s, but all failed, the major reason is the lack of in-depth research on the biological characteristics of ASFV. It will be a great challenge for China to control the spread of current ASF, develop safe and effective vaccines. In this review, we outline the biological characteristics of ASFV, including its morphology and basic structure, transmission routes, pathogenicity, genome and proteins, entry mechanism, immune escape, and analyzed the difficulties in vaccine development. We hope to provide basic information for the control of current ASF and understanding of etiology in China.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of immunosuppression of calcineurin inhibitor monotherapy (AiCNIm)after alemtuzumab induction following renal transplantation.Methods Randomized control clinical trials related to application of AiCNIm (AiCNIm group ) and conventional triple regimes (Triple group ) for immunosupression after renal transplantation,published from 1 980 to December 31 201 4,were searched online from PubMed,Embase,Web of Science,Cochrance library and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases.Meta-analysis was performed by Rev Man 5.2 software.Results Five randomized control studies consisting of 421 renal transplant recipients were included.The results of follow up for 6-1 2 months revealed that compared with the Triple group, the incidence of rejection response confirmed by acute rejection or aspiration biopsy in the AiCNIm group was significantly lower [relative risk (RR) =0.59,95% confidence interval (CI):0.40-0.89 ].However,there was no significant difference in the risk of renal allograft dysfunction (RR =0.85,95%CI:0.38-1 .87),death of recipient (RR =0.89,95%CI:0.30-2.67),infection (RR =1 .03,95%CI:0.91 -1 .1 7)and new-onset diabetes after transplantation (RR =0.62, 95%CI:0.29-1 .30)between two groups (all in P >0.05).Conclusions According to the existing evidence,application of calcineurin inhibitor monotherapy after renal transplantation exerts short-term immunosuppressive effect and high safety after alemtuzumab induction.